Once densely inhabited and highly productive, the valleys still ring to the sound of summer returnees from Istanbul or Germany. The women's clothing, a brilliant contrast to the dour chador of Erzurum, is multi-layered and brilliantly coloutrful. Devout Muslim observance, including temperance, has, within living memory, replaced equally devout Christian worship; rumours abound of residual Armenian communities abound.
The Pontic Alps have been occupied by Armenians, Georgians, Selcuk Turks, Mongols, Ottoman Turks and Russians. Individual communities of Laz and Hemsin flourished on the Black Sea side of the range.

Isabella Bird wrote in 1890:

"The road was enlivened by local as well as through traffic, and brightened by the various costumes of Turks, Greeks, Armenians and Lazes. The latter carry rifles and sabres, and two daggers in their girdles, one of which always has a cloven hilt. The Turkish Government has a very difficult time in ruling and pacifying the number of races which it has subjugated in eastern Turkey. I have met with Sabeans, Jews, Armenians, Syrians, Yezidis, Kurds, Osmanlis, Circassians, and Greeks, alien and antagonistic in creed and race, but somehow held together and governed by a power which is by no means feeble."

The first world war and war of independence saw vast population movements as the Russian advance reached Erzurum, and withdrawal drew many Armenians with them. Greeks left with the exchange of populations in 1923, and the area became almost totally Muslim. The valleys were for many years self sufficient, and cereals, cattle and honey was traded across the passes in the range. Now imported cereals have replaced home grown and only old folk remain in the huge stone houses of the higher villages.

The Kafkasor Festival
Held the thrid week in June, the Kafkasor festival is celebrated with bullfighting and folk dancing, and attracts visitors from all the Caucasus, but few tourists. Well worth a visit.